Environmental

The 'innocent landowner defense' under CERCLA provides protection to a buyer who:

AA. Knew about contamination before purchase but bought anyway
BB. Conducted all appropriate inquiry (Phase I ESA) before purchase and discovered no contamination✓ Correct
CC. Purchased the property at a tax sale
DD. Is a nonprofit organization

Explanation

CERCLA's innocent landowner defense protects buyers who conduct 'all appropriate inquiry' (AAI) before purchase — typically through a Phase I ESA meeting ASTM standards. If no recognized environmental conditions are found, and contamination is later discovered from prior owners, the current owner may be protected.

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