Fair HousingIntermediateCalifornia Exam

Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case established the principle that racially restrictive covenants are unenforceable?

ABrown v. Board of Education (1954)
BShelley v. Kraemer (1948)Correct
CJones v. Mayer (1968)
DGriggs v. Duke Power (1971)

Why Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) Is Correct

Answer B: Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

In Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), the Supreme Court ruled that courts cannot enforce racially restrictive covenants because doing so would constitute state action in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Exam Tip: Fair Housing

Fair Housing questions test both federal (Fair Housing Act of 1968) and state-level protected classes. The federal protected classes are race, color, religion, national origin, sex, familial status, and disability. Many states add additional protections.

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