Agency
What is 'ratification' versus 'authorization' in Delaware real estate agency?
ABoth terms refer to the written listing agreement
BAuthorization is prior permission given to an agent before an act; ratification is subsequent approval of an unauthorized act — both can create binding agency obligations, but ratification applies retroactively✓ Correct
CAuthorization is required for all real estate actions; ratification never creates binding obligations
DRatification is only valid if given in writing in Delaware
Explanation
Authorization is permission granted in advance (e.g., listing agreement authorizes the agent to market and show the property). Ratification is the subsequent approval of an act the agent performed without prior authorization — by accepting the benefits or expressly approving the act, the principal ratifies and is bound by it retroactively. Both create valid agency obligations in Delaware real estate.
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